3. 不定式的复合结构

1)不定式复合结构的构成

不定式在用时一般有我们的逻辑主语,一般可以是句子的主语或宾语,或者由物主代词暗示出来。如:

They plan to build a hotel. 他们计划建造一个酒店。

His father sent him abroad to study literature. 他爸爸送他出国去学文学。

I could see her eagerness to go abroad. 我可以看出他急切地想出国。

但有时需要明确表示出不定式的逻辑主语(即不定式动作的实行者),此时一般用for/of +名词(代词)短语+不定式来构成不定式的复合结构。如:

It's expensive for people to use electricity for cooking. 大家用电做饭是非常昂贵的。

It's careless of you to make such a mistake. 你犯如此的错误真是粗心。

2)不定式复合结构的语法用途

不定式的复合结构在句中可以做主语、宾语、表语、状语、定语。

①不定式的复合结构作主语、宾语,一般用it 作形式主语或形式宾语来代替不定式的复合结构。如:

It's necessary for the goods to be packed in strong cases. 货物非常有必要用坚固的箱子打包。

They thought it impossible for us to find the lost child in the darkness.

他们觉得大家要在黑暗中找到迷失方向的孩子是不可能的。

②不定式的复合结构作表语、状语、定语。如:

That's for you to decide. 那个由你来决定。

For the test to be passed,the students should work harder than before.

为了能通过考试,学生们应该比以往更好好学习。

I have some books for you to read. 我有几本书送给你读。

1. 不定式不带to的规则:

前面大家已经谈到,在一些使役动词和感官动词后的不定式作宾语补语时,不定式符号to常常省略,下面还有几种状况请大伙注意:

① 动词原形come,go等在口语中可接不带to的不定式。如:

Go tell her. 去告诉他。

Come have a glass. 来喝一杯。

②在why引起的一些疑问句中,疑问词直接跟动词原形或not+动词原形。如:

Why spend so much money? 为何花这么多钱?

Why not let her have a try? 为何不再让她尝试一下?

③在had better(还是最好),had best(最好,顶好),would rather(宁愿,宁可),would ratherthan(宁愿而不),would sooner(宁愿,宁可),would soonerthan(宁愿而不),cannot but(不能不,势必),cannot choose but(只得),cannot help but(不能不)等结构后直接跟动词原形或not +动词原形。如:

You'd better listen to your teachers opinion. 你最好听一听老师的怎么看。

I would rather work than stay idle1. 我宁可工作而不愿闲坐。

Rather than ride on a crowded bus,he always prefers to ride a bicycle.

他宁可挤公共汽车也不愿骑自行车。

Liu Hulan would sooner die than surrender2. 刘胡兰宁死不屈。

One's world outlook3 cannot but come through in what one says and does.

一个人的世界观势必在他的言行中表现出来。

④在介词but,except之前如有动词do的任一形式,其后的动词不定式不需要to.如:

Last evening I did nothing but repair my farm tools. 昨晚上我除去维修农具外,没做其它的事情。

Now there was nothing he could do except admit defeat. 目前他只有认输。

如but 之前没do,其后的不定式则一般要加to.如:

I'm afraid we have no choice but to take a taxi. 恐怕大家别无选择,只好乘出租车了。

They desired nothing but to succeed. 他们只想成功。

⑤在出现并列的动词不定式时,为了防止重复,后面的不定式符号to可省略。如:

I really don't know what to say and do. 我真的不了解该怎么说,该做什么。

Can you help me to call him and ask him to attend the meeting at 2:00 p.m.?

你能否帮我打电话给他,叫他下午两点来开会?

但假如两个不定式有对比的意思,则不定式符号to不可被省去。如:

I came not to scold4 you but to praise you. 我是来夸你的,不是来骂你的。

The purpose of the new technology is to make life easier,not to make it more difficult.

新技术的目的是为了使生活更容易,而不是使生活更艰难。

2. 动词不定式的省略问题:

上文中出现了某一动词或动词短语,下文中再遇见此动词的不定式结构时,总是要省略动词不定式,但一般省略动词原形或短语而保留不定式符号to,一般有下面几种状况:

①含有助动词或情态动词如be going to,used to,have to,ought to,be able to,be about to等+动词原形结构时:

Do you think I ought to go to see my doctor? 你觉得我应该去看大夫吗?

Yes,I think you ought to. 是的,我想你应该去。

She must go but you don't have to. 她需要走,但你没必要。

②含有动词want,decide,like,love,hope,wish,mean,refuse,try等+不定式作宾语结构时:

Did you go to see the Great Wall? 你去看长城了吗?

I wanted to,but I was too busy. 我本来想去的,但我太忙了。

You may go with them if you hope to. 假如你期望的话,你可以和他们一块去。

③含有动词如ask,tell,order,advise,persuade,warn,wish,permit,allow,forbid等+不定式做宾语补语或主语补语时:

Don't do anything unless your father tells you to. 除非你爸爸叫你去做,不然不要做什么事情。

May I use your car? 我可以用你的汽车吗?

No,I forbid you to. 不,我禁止你用。

④对话的答语中含有形容词如happy,glad,eager,anxious,willing5,ready,pleased,afraid等+不定式作表语结构时:

Will you lend me a hand? 你能帮我一个忙吗?

I'm willing to,but I cant now. 我非常想,但我目前不可以。

Would you please come to my birthday party tomorrow? 明天下午来参加我的过生日聚会怎么样?

I'll be glad to. 我非常乐意。